Meeting the
responsibilities of historical fiction
Denise Giardina’s
novel Storming Heaven (Ivy Books, 1987) is a gripping work of
historical fiction set in West Virginia during the first two decades of the
20th century. It takes as its subject the rapacious conquest by coal mining
companies of southern West Virginia and the courageous battles waged by miners
and their families in defense of their land, their labor and their lives. The
novel culminates with the Battle of Blair Mountain,
which took place in the late summer of 1921.
Typically in historical
fiction, invented characters encounter historical figures, invented places are
juxtaposed with actual places and the fictional plot incorporates historical
events. In Storming Heaven, Giardina has carefully integrated her
characters and the fictitious Justice County, West Virginia, into the landscape
and history of the Coal Wars.
Giardina uses four narrators to tell her story, each with an effectively distinctive voice. C.J. Marcum (“Cincinnatus Jefferson, after the two greatest men that ever lived”) becomes the mayor of the fictional town of Annadel, West Virginia. Annadel is a racially integrated community whose previous mayor was the African-American Doctor Booker. Doc Booker is a socialist who befriends C.J. and wins him to the ideas of socialism, though C.J. always falls asleep when he tries to read the books by Karl Marx that Doc lends him.
Rondal Lloyd, a dour,
solitary man is nevertheless a thoroughly dedicated union organizer. In fact,
he has given up on his thoughts of becoming a doctor in order to organize the
mines. Rondal’s life at once reminds a reader of the countless intelligent and
promising humans whose dreams are swallowed up by a difficult working class
life and of those courageous workers who fight for justice and dignity on
behalf of others.
Rosa Angelelli, a
Sicilian immigrant brought to West Virginia by her husband Mario, voices a
number of short sections in the novel. Desperately homesick, she works as a
housekeeper for a wealthy mine operator whose butterfly collection both
intrigues and troubles her. Rosa suffers tremendous loss because of the mine,
and her fate as depicted by Giardina is genuinely heartbreaking.
Carrie Bishop, whose
home is in Kentucky, is a bold and free-thinking girl who as a woman becomes a
nurse in a mining town, and she comes to dominate the novel with her compelling
voice and story. Hopelessly in love with Rondal Lloyd, and appalled at what she
sees of the miners’ conditions, she joins the dangerous, clandestine struggle
to bring the United Mine Workers to Justice County. Carrie’s brother Miles,
however, has become a representative of “the operators,” which confronts Carrie
with conflicting loyalties and hard decisions.
Other notable characters
in the novel include Talcott Lloyd, Rondal’s younger brother, who has fought in
the Great War and become desensitized to violence, and Isom Justice, scion to
Annadel’s wealthiest citizen, is an especially intriguing creation of
Giardina’s. Not a miner himself, Isom nevertheless participates in the miners’
cause as a kind of adventure and comes to represent a certain type of middle
class activist, individualistic and lacking in political principle and
discipline. Albion Freeman, who loves and marries Carrie, is a gentle Hardshell
Baptist preacher who does not believe in hell.
Storming Heaven is
also peopled by the multi-ethnic miners, the blacks, Italians, Irish,
Hungarians and Poles who live in their own impoverished enclaves and look
askance at each other until the union movement brings them together,
enlightening many of them. Finally, there are the “gun thugs,” the
Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency goons brought in by the operators to put down
the miners’ attempts to organize. True to history, the Baldwin-Felts men in the
novel beat, torture and murder suspected organizers. At one point a socialist
organizer is thrown into an oven.
Giardina’s narrators,
with the exception of Rosa, are highly reliable, Carrie, Rondal and C.J. each
being particularly clear-eyed, honest and self-aware. While the novel might
sacrifice something in the way of ironic complexity with such narrators, it
gains more. The three speak straight and plain, and Giardina speaking through
them allows no trace of sentimentality into these hard lives. Love is
unpredictable, stubborn and inconvenient as well as beautiful. Fear and spite
are given their due, and the thirst for justice is a burning, immediate need.
Logan County Sheriff's deputies during the battle of Blair Mountain
Giardina also has a keen
eye for observation and an excellent writer’s touch. Here is a passage from
Carrie, describing Justice town where she goes to nursing school:
In Justice town, the
houses stabbed pillars of stone and wood into the flesh of the hillside and
clung there like a swarm of mosquitoes.
With such crystalline
sentences she shows us mining towns and verdant hills, one-room homes, coal
tipples, box cars and flat cars and the simple dress of the mining families.
One element almost absent from Storming Heaven, however, is the
mines themselves. We go down in a mine only twice, early in the novel and
briefly each time. Nevertheless, Giardina shows us enough in these scenes to
establish vividly the inhuman conditions and mortal danger of the work.
Realizing that any hopes
they have of improving their lot will depend on their forcing the coal
operators to back down, the miners begin to arm themselves. Led by C.J. Marcum
and Doc Booker, a contingent of deputized miners declare their town “Free
Annadel.” When Baldwin-Felts gun thugs arrive on the train, Isom Justice, who
has been made chief of police, attempts to arrest them. What ensues is
Giardina’s fictionalized treatment of the 1920 Matewan Massacre. In Storming
Heaven, as in the actual event, two brothers of the co-founder of the
agency, Thomas Felts, are killed. One was shot by the actual police chief, Sid
Hatfield, who became a hero among mining families.
The miners strike and
are immediately turned out of their homes. Scabs are brought in to work the
mines, and the striking miners set up a tent city. Giardina conveys the
boredom, frustration and discomfort of life in the tents, and with the coming
of winter she portrays the horror the miners endured.
The final section of the
novel brings the characters to the Battle of Blair Mountain, in Logan County,
where over 10,000 armed miners assembled to confront Logan County Sheriff Don
Chafin’s force of approximately 2,000 “deputies.” The WSWS in September 2021
featured 100 years since
the Battle of Blair Mountain, which made this important point:
What dominated the march
on Logan was a spirit of class solidarity, regardless of race or nationality.
They marched wearing red bandanas tied around their necks to distinguish
themselves from the gun thugs, who tied white handkerchiefs to their arms. The
red bandanas, no doubt associated in the minds of the miners and mine owners
with revolution and socialism, ironically became the source of the term
“redneck,” later used to disparage Appalachian workers as ignorant and
backward.
Giardina is careful to
portray the leading role socialists played in organizing the miners, though she
does not discriminate among those in the novel who call themselves socialists
where such discrimination would be useful. For instance, some who identified
themselves as socialists among the West Virginia miners in fact subscribed to a
nationalism that supported the US intervention in World War I. Then as now, the
term “socialism” tended to be eclectically used and abused.
Nonetheless, from Doc
Booker to C.J. and Rondal, it is the socialists in the novel who take the
initiative in the struggle to organize the miners. A point Giardina seems to
want to emphasize is that the miners in the Coal Wars of the early 20th century
were both militant and class-conscious.
Ultimately, the miners
were defeated, both because Sheriff Chafin had planes drop bombs of explosives
and poison gas left over from World War I on the miners and because President
Warren G. Harding sent in federal troops. At the end of the novel, characters
are left with a sense of waiting for a day that has still not arrived.
At 35, as a picture of
the ferocity of the class struggle in the US, Storming Heaven is
as compelling as ever. In Alabama, miners at Warrior Met have been on strike
for 11 months for better wages and work schedules. The miners belong to the
United Mine Workers of America, the same union the miners at Blair Mountain
fought and died to join a hundred years ago. Today, the UMWA, with only a
fraction of its former membership, is an extension of the company and the
government, operating to prevent strikes and, when workers’ determination makes
strikes impossible to prevent, as in the case at Warrior Met, to isolate and
sabotage them.
Denise Giardina, an
American Book Award winner, was born in Bluefield, West Virginia in 1951 and
grew up in a small coal mining town in McDowell County. She attended West
Virginia Wesleyan College and the Virginia Theological Seminary. According to
the West Virginia Encyclopedia, she “is an ordained deacon in the Episcopal
Church.”
Storming Heaven was
her second novel, and it was followed by another set in the coalfields, Unquiet
Earth (1992), which treats the period from the 1930s to the 1990s.
The West Virginia
Encyclopedia also describes Giardina as “a political activist” who
“participated in and wrote about Appalachian labor-capital conflicts of her
day, including the A.T. Massey (mid-1980s) and Pittston (1989–90) coal
strikes.” In 2000, she ran for governor of West Virginia as the candidate of
the Mountain Party, the state’s affiliate of the national Green Party,
highlighting environmental issues in particular. She was also once a campaign
volunteer and Congressional aide for Democratic Rep. Bob Wise (later West
Virginia governor).
Mass picket of coal miners during the A.T. Massey strike of 1984-85 — UMWA president Trichard Trumka's betrayal of this strike paved the way for a wave of union-busting and state violence against the miners.
Both the AT Massey and
Pittston strikes were sold out by the UMWA. In the former strike, five miners
were framed up and sentenced to decades in prison. In 2010, the WSWS noted that
the union’s betrayal of the A.T. Massey strike “set the stage for a wave of
violent union-busting, frameups and the murders of militant miners over the
next decade. Time and time again, from the 1989 Pittston strike, to the
frame-up of the Milburn miners, to the 1990 murder of former A.T. Massey miner
John McCoy, to the 1994 frameup of striker Jerry Dale Lowe, the pattern was the
same—the UMWA left its members defenseless and collaborated with management and
the state authorities against them.”
Giardina’s novel is
artistically and socially valuable and moving as a presentation of the class
struggle in the early 20th century. Readers of Storming Heaven will
be drawn into the lives of the characters and inspired by the courage of the
miners. They must look up from the book, though, and see that the unions that
coal miners and others fought to build in the early 20th century no longer
exist as workers’ organizations.
Moreover, the crisis of
American and global capitalism is profound and systemic, demanding new types of
organization and a socialist and internationalist perspective. If the novel’s
rose-colored view of militant trade unionism and elemental solidarity was made
into a program and applied to present conditions, it would prove wholly
inadequate.
